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| combatants_header = Government-Insurgents | combatant1 = Nazi Party * ''Sturmabteilung'' | combatant2 = * * ''Reichswehr'' | commander1 = | Hermann Göring }} | commander2 = | Otto von Lossow}} | milstrength2 = 130 | milstrength1 = 2,000+ | casualties1 = 16 killed About a dozen injured Many captured and imprisoned | casualties2 = 4 killed }} The Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Munich Putsch,〔Dan Moorhouse, ed. (The Munich Putsch. ) schoolshistory.org.uk, accessed 2008-05-31.〕 and, in German, as the ''Hitlerputsch'' or ''Hitler-Ludendorff-Putsch'', was a failed coup attempt by the Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler — along with ''Generalquartiermeister'' Erich Ludendorff and other ''Kampfbund'' leaders — to seize power in Munich, Bavaria, during 8–9 November 1923. About two thousand men marched to the centre of Munich, where they confronted the police, which resulted in the death of 16 Nazis and four policemen.〔 Hitler himself was wounded. After two days, Hitler was arrested and charged with treason. From Hitler's perspective, there were three positive benefits from this attempt to seize power unlawfully. First, the putsch brought Hitler to the attention of the German nation and generated front page headlines in newspapers around the world. His arrest was followed by a 24-day trial, which was widely publicized and gave Hitler a platform to publicize his nationalist sentiment to the nation. Hitler was found guilty of treason and sentenced to five years in Landsberg Prison.〔Hitler's ''Festungshaft'' ("fortress-way"). Hitler's sentence was to be served in the mildest form of incarceration under German law.〕 The second benefit to Hitler was that he used his time in prison to produce ''Mein Kampf'', which was dictated to his fellow prisoner, Rudolf Hess. On 20 December 1924, having served only nine months, Hitler was released.〔Harold J. Gordon Jr., ''The Hitler Trial Before the People's Court in Munich'' (Arlington, VA: University Publications of America 1976)〕 The final benefit that accrued to Hitler was the insight that the path to power was through legitimate means. Revolution and anarchy was not the route to power. Accordingly, the most significant outcome of the putsch was a decision by Hitler to change NSDAP tactics, which would demand an increasing reliance on the development and furthering of Nazi propaganda.〔Claudia Koonz, ''The Nazi Conscience'', p. 24, ISBN 0-674-01172-4.〕 == Background == In early 20th century Germany, many of the larger cities of southern Germany had beer halls where hundreds or even thousands of people would socialize in the evenings, drink beer and participate in political and social debates. Such beer halls also became the host of occasional political rallies. One of Munich's largest beer halls was the "Bürgerbräukeller." This was the location of the famous Beer Hall Putsch. The Treaty of Versailles, which ended World War I, sounded the death knell of German power and prestige. Like many Germans of the period, Hitler believed that the treaty was a betrayal with the country having been "stabbed-in-the-back" by its own government, particularly as the German Army was popularly thought to have been undefeated in the field. Germany, it was felt, had been betrayed by civilian leaders and Marxists, who were later called the ''"November Criminals."'' Hitler remained in the army, in Munich, after World War I. He participated in various "national thinking" courses. These had been organized by the ''Education and Propaganda Department'' of the Bavarian ''Reichswehr,'' under Captain Karl Mayr, of which Hitler became an agent. Captain Mayr ordered Hitler, then an army lance corporal, to infiltrate the tiny ''Deutsche Arbeiterpartei,'' abbreviated DAP (German Workers' Party). Hitler joined the DAP on 12 September 1919. He soon realized that he was in agreement with many of the underlying tenets of the DAP and he rose to its top post in the ensuing chaotic political atmosphere of postwar Munich.〔Sayers, Michael and Kahnn, Albert E. (1945), ''The Plot Against the Peace.'' Dial Press〕 By agreement, Hitler assumed the political leadership of a number of Bavarian "patriotic associations" (revanchist), called the ''Kampfbund.'' This political base extended to include about 15,000 brawlers, most of whom were ex-soldiers. On 26 September 1923, following a period of turmoil and political violence, Bavarian Prime Minister Eugen von Knilling declared a state of emergency and Gustav von Kahr was appointed ''Staatskomissar,'' or state commissioner, with dictatorial powers to govern the state. In addition to von Kahr, Bavarian state police chief Colonel Hans Ritter von Seisser and Reichswehr General Otto von Lossow formed a ruling triumvirate. Hitler announced that he would hold 14 mass meetings beginning on 27 September 1923. Afraid of the potential disruption, one of Kahr's first actions was to ban the announced meetings. Hitler was under pressure to act. The Nazis, with other leaders in the ''Kampfbund,'' felt they had to march upon Berlin and seize power or their followers would turn to the Communists. Hitler enlisted the help of World War I general Erich Ludendorff in an attempt to gain the support of Kahr and his triumvirate. However, Kahr had his own plan with Seisser and Lossow to install a nationalist dictatorship without Hitler.〔 November 1923 was the height of hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Beer Hall Putsch」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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